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[摘要]：Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane plants are used extensively for brackish water desalination and industrial water purification. The operating range of RO plants is 60-80% product water recovery depending on the quality of raw water and feed water pretreatment. Typically, these plants operate at 75% recovery. The disposal of RO reject streams (20-40% of plant feed water) containing high concentration of salts is becoming an environmental problem. To reduce brine disposal costs and to increase product water recovery, several high-recovery energy-efficient membrane processes were analyzed. Generally speaking, a balance is required between brine volume reduction, capital and operating costs, energy consumption, and process simplicity. The analyses showed that up to 90% product water recovery can be achieved for low to medium brackish feed waters using RO/NF membrane systems with minimal feed water chemical pretreatment. The benefits of hybrid membrane systems integrated with fuel cell alternate energy systems are discussed. (C) 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 29: 349-357, 2010 |
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